PFAS yog dab tsi?
PFAS (Per-thiab polyfluoroalkyl tshuaj) yog ib lo lus dav dav rau ntau txhiab yam tshuaj. Lawv yog tag nrho cov organic tshuaj nrog fluorine atoms ntawm cov saw hlau.
Cov carbon-fluorine daim ntawv cog lus yog lub npe hu ua daim ntawv cog lus muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv cov organic chemistry. Nws tsis tsuas yog ruaj khov nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej nkaus xwb tab sis kuj tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov pob txha pob txha. Yog li ntawd, PFAS tseem hu ua "cov tshuaj mus ib txhis." Lub npe nrov Teflon yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws. Nws yog waterproof, anti-fouling, txias-resistant, kub-resistant, thiab heev du. Txawm geckos ntes tsis tau nws! Los ntawm enriched uranium nyob rau hauv atomic foob pob mus rau cov khoom siv dag zog rau cov yias tsis-stick hauv ntau txhiab tsev neeg, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Cov khoom ruaj khov kuj yog rab ntaj ob sab, txhais tau tias cov khoom no nyuaj heev rau degrade. Hauv cov xwm txheej niaj hnub siv, Teflon kuj muaj kev nyab xeeb (tsis muaj tshuaj lom yuav raug decomposed yog tias qhov kub tsis tshaj 260 degree). Tseem, lwm cov tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg PFAS tsis yog li ntawd.
PFOA (Perfluorooctanoic acid) yog ib qho surfactant uas tiv thaiv agglomeration thaum ua Teflon. Nws kuj yog ib hom PFAS tsim los ntawm lwm cov tshuaj loj heev 3M. DuPont pib yuav nws xyoo 1951, thiab nyob rau ob peb xyoos tom ntej no, lawv tau tso tawm ntau pua txhiab phaus ntawm PFOA hmoov ncaj qha mus rau hauv dej thiab pov tseg ntau dua 7,000 tons ntawm PFOA-muaj sludge rau hauv cov pas dej pov tseg yam tsis muaj Kev ntsuas cais tawm, thaum kawg ua rau cov dej haus tsis zoo ntawm kaum tawm txhiab tus neeg hauv zos.
Cov kab mob cuam tshuam nrog PFAS
Kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias muaj kev sib txuas ntawm PFOA thiab mob qog noj ntshav raum, qog nqaij hlav qog noj ntshav, kab mob thyroid, cov roj cholesterol siab, preeclampsia thiab ulcerative colitis.
Ntau xyoo ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab emissions los ntawm cov tuam txhab suav tsis txheeb tau nthuav tawm PFOA thoob ntiaj teb. Raws li cov qauv tshiab nruj tshaj plaws tshaj tawm los ntawm US Environmental Protection Agency hauv 2022, qhov txwv siab tshaj ntawm PFOA hauv cov dej haus rau lub neej yog 0.004ng/L, thaum PFOA cov ntsiab lus hauv dej nag rau Qhov chaw deb Qinghai-Tibet Plateau tau mus txog 0.055ng / L.
Cov tshuaj zoo li no yuav khaws cia rau hauv cov tsiaj, yog li ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau txhawj xeeb tias txawm tias cov pa phem tsawg yuav ua rau muaj kev noj qab haus huv dhau sijhawm.
Zoo li cov hlau hnyav hnyav xws li txhuas thiab mercury, PFOA qhov zoo tshaj plaws pom zoo kom noj tus nqi yog 0.
Txawm hais tias PFOA tau raug txiav tawm lawm, nws tsuas yog ib qho ntawm kaum tawm txhiab tus tswv cuab ntawm PFAS tsev neeg. Cov tshuaj no, suav nrog PFOA hloov pauv, feem ntau tsis muaj kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb thiab kev saib xyuas. Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom lag luam ntsig txog PFAS tau kis mus rau suav tsis txheeb xws li cov khoom siv niaj hnub, aerospace, hluav taws xob, thiab kev kho mob.
Txoj cai ntawm PFAS los ntawm lub tebchaws
Tsoomfwv thiab cov tuam txhab thoob ntiaj teb tseem tsom mus rau, tshawb fawb, thiab txawm tias txwv thiab txwv cov cai ntawm PFAS, tab sis lawv tseem tsom mus rau qee qhov tshwj xeeb PFAS cov tshuaj, tsis yog tag nrho PFAS tsev neeg.
| Stockholm Convention | Sau npe PFOA (suav nrog nws cov ntsev thiab lwm yam sib txuas), PFOS (xws li nws cov ntsev thiab PFOSF), PFHxS (suav nrog nws cov ntsev thiab lwm yam sib txuas). (2024) Nyob rau hauv kev tshuaj xyuas: LC-PFCA (ntev-chain PFCAs, suav nrog lawv cov ntsev thiab lwm yam sib txuas) |
| Koom Haum Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Thoob Ntiaj Teb | Cov txheej txheem dej haus tau raug npaj thiab yuav suav nrog cov qauv kev nyab xeeb rau PFOA thiab PFOS. |
| Teb chaws USA | Cov pa phem yog qhov hnyav tshaj plaws. Tsoom fwv teb chaws tseem tsis khoom los kawm txog cov pa phem ntawm ntau yam PFAS tshuaj thiab cov qauv kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev tiv thaiv. Tsoom fwv hauv xeev tab tom pib pib txwv PFAS ntawm kev nrawm dua. Thaum kawg ntawm 2023, 12 lub xeev hauv Tebchaws Meskas yuav txwv tsis pub ntxiv PFAS rau cov khoom ntim khoom noj. Thaum kawg ntawm Lub Ob Hlis 2024, US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) yuav txwv tsis pub ntshuam lossis muag khoom hauv tsev ntawm cov khoom ntim khoom thiab cov khoom siv uas muaj PFAS. |
| European Union | Cov tswvcuab hauv lub xeev muaj kev vam khom rau EU cov kev cai sib koom ua ke thiab cov lus qhia, yog li muaj qee qhov kev ywj pheej PFAS txwv thiab txwv txoj cai hauv txhua lub tebchaws. Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus pom zoo rau PFAS txwv tsis pub muaj zog tshaj plaws thiab kev txwv hauv ntiaj teb tam sim no tab tom tham txog. Daim ntawv thov txwv tsis pub ntau tshaj 10, 000 PFAS tshuaj. Thaum txoj cai lij choj siv rau yav tom ntej, nws yuav muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv thiab tswj PFAS cov pa phem hauv Tebchaws Europe. |
| Nyiv | PFOA, PFOS, thiab PFOSF tsuas yog muaj npe raws li Class I chemicals, thiab lawv cov khoom tsim thiab ntshuam raug txwv raws li Txoj Cai Tswj Tshuaj Tshuaj. Kev ntshuam ntawm cov khoom uas muaj cov tshuaj no kuj raug txwv. |